The Beaufort Wind Scale is an empirical measure that relates wind speed to observed conditions at sea or on land1. Developed in 1805 by Sir Francis Beaufort, a British Royal Navy officer, the scale has been an essential tool for mariners, meteorologists, and various fields beyond since its inception2.
Historical Background
Sir Francis Beaufort devised the scale while serving on HMS Woolwich1. Initially, the scale was based on the effects of wind on a ship's sails, ranging from "just sufficient to give steerage" to "that which no canvas sails could withstand."1 Over time, the scale was refined and extended to include land observations, making it more versatile and widely applicable1.
Beaufort Number |
Speed(kn) |
Speed (mph) |
Speed (km/h) |
Description |
Wave Height (meters) |
0 |
0-1 |
0-1 |
0-1 |
Calm |
Sea like a mirror |
1 |
1-3 |
1-3 |
1-3 |
Light Air |
Sea with ripples |
2 |
4-6 |
4-7 |
4-6 |
Light Breeze |
Small wavelets |
3 |
7-10 |
8-12 |
7-10 |
Gentle Breeze |
Large wavelets |
4 |
11-16 |
13-18 |
11-16 |
Moderate Breeze |
Small waves |
5 |
17-21 |
19-24 |
17-21 |
Fresh Breeze |
Moderate waves |
6 |
22-27 |
25-31 |
22-27 |
Strong Breeze |
Large waves |
7 |
28-33 |
32-38 |
28-33 |
Near Gale |
High waves |
8 |
34-40 |
39-46 |
34-40 |
Gale |
Very high waves |
9 |
41-47 |
47-54 |
41-47 |
Severe Gale |
High waves |
10 |
48-55 |
55-63 |
48-55 |
Storm |
Very high waves |
11 |
56-63 |
64-72 |
56-63 |
Violent Storm |
Exceptionally high waves |
12 |
64+ |
73+ |
64+ |
Hurricane |
Devastation |
Modern Scale
The Beaufort Wind Scale is divided into 13 levels, ranging from 0 (calm) to 12 (hurricane force)1. Each level is associated with specific wind speeds, observed conditions, and probable wave heights3. Here's a detailed breakdown:
Functions and Applications
The Beaufort Wind Scale is widely used in maritime navigation, weather forecasting, and environmental monitoring1. It helps mariners assess wind conditions and make informed decisions to ensure safe navigation. Meteorologists use the scale to describe wind conditions in weather reports, and it is also used in various industries to assess the impact of wind on structures and activities.
Conclusion
The Beaufort Wind Scale remains a valuable tool for understanding and communicating wind conditions. Its simplicity and practicality have made it a staple in maritime and meteorological practices for over two centuries. By providing a standardized way to measure and describe wind speeds, the Beaufort Wind Scale continues to play a crucial role in ensuring safety and efficiency in various fields.
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